Stored Procedures and Triggers Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Put away Procedures and Triggers - Research Paper Example Taking into account that the working framework running on any PC decides the kind of programming language generally fitting for use, at that point, this can restrict database programming on such frameworks. Notwithstanding, since SQL 2008 can be written in an assortment of programming dialects, at that point it isn't constrained to just one or a couple of working frameworks (Norman, 2007). This is so in light of the fact that, in the event that one programming language is inconsistent with the working framework running in a given PC, at that point an alternate programming language can be decided on, which is increasingly perfect with the working framework, serving to safeguard the information being used, and making it conceivable to use comparable information in various PC frameworks. The other determinant of programming language similarity is the server programming under use in the framework where such writing computer programs is to be embraced (Robert, 1996). In this way, the prog ramming language to be utilized is dictated by the server programming that is under use in the framework. Be that as it may, with the capacity whenever put away system SQL 2008 to be written in different dialects, at that point, it improves its similarity with any cut off programming, as an alternate programming language, which is good with the product, can be chosen and utilized. ... This is an extremely indispensable perspective, in that, it takes into account the people undertaking the programming to fuse business rationale in the database program. Through the utilization of different dialects, this business rationale serves to guarantee that the need of encoding such rationale in the customer explicit projects is dispensed with. Also, the chance of applying numerous programming dialects for put away methodology SQL 2008 accommodates the consistency of information utilized, in that it includes the utilization of comparative information that is encoded in various dialects, making it conceivable to safeguard the uprightness of the information, despite the fact that applied under various coding dialects (Pratt, 1996). Any possibility of undermining such information is subsequently wiped out and the customer projects can without much of a stretch be looked after all inclusive, just that they include distinctive programming dialects, according to the customer determ ination and inclinations. The use of different dialects under SQL 2008 put away technique takes into account a scope of programming and coding that can upgrade the insurance of the information from SQL infusion assaults (Michael, 2011). This makes such databases progressively steady and hence secured against different vulnerabilities. The capacity of the put away methodology SQL 2008 to be written in different dialects is significant in database advancement, in that it upgrades the decrease of costs associated with database improvement (Michael, 2011). Some programming dialects are offered as free programming, while others are authorized for commercialization. This implies a portion of the programming language can be gotten and utilized free, while others must be purchased. Because of its capacity of being written in various dialects, at that point, it takes into account the utilization of some programming dialects that are offered uninhibitedly, in this way

Geography and history of canada Free Essays

Connection between the Geography of Canada and Its History Veronica Guerrero FarJat CDNS 101 Royal Roads University Ms. Michelle Hardy November 20, 2013 What is the connection between Canada’s geology and its history? As indicated by M. Solid, (individual correspondence, March 27, 2012) my course material (2013) sets up that Canada is a North American nation with 10 areas and 3 domains; overall named as the second biggest nation on the planet Canada, is notable by its different yet interesting history! Canada battled about by the French and the British, the British won and end colonizing this one. We will compose a custom exposition test on Geology and history of canada or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now This paper examinations the decent variety of Canada’s early history of settlement identified with its topography. So as to see the association we grasp how the native individuals previously came to Canada by following the untamed life; at that point the Europeans came to Canada in light of the fact that the tremendous of characteristic assets; lastly permitting the French individuals to settle in Quebec area. This paper contends that chronicled settlement of Canada was changed by its geology. Canada used to be named â€Å"Kanata†: Huron-Iroquois word for town or settlement. So as to make due, as people we do numerous things, for example, feed, mingle, we reproduce, we follow†¦ t for the most part we remain together and we battle to endure. On this passage I will clarify in detail how Aboriginal individuals first settle in Canada by following the untamed life: Firstly, the earth heated up, the ice masses liquefied and retreated; which it implies: open movements cou rses (passageways). Following this reality, creatures were fit to cross land scaffolds of the Alaska-Bering. Furthermore, Native individuals show up in Canada’s history by spreading out into the in abi n table regions ot north-western America, everything for tremendous explanation: FOOD! They needed to secure certain abilities, for example, chasing, angling, and so forth n request to endure. In any case, creatures; were their ain explanation of settlement so then they remain and spread over the land. To close I might want to point that as the atmosphere and land conditions changed the land start to got rich and gainful; locals had the option to remain and that is one of the most significant reasons how those first people groups are vital for Canada’s history; they speak to thousand years of culture and any place individuals these days concur or not they are Canada’s first people groups. At the point when two universes meet, astounding things occur. As indicated by my course material (2013) 1500-1791 was when Aboriginal individuals and Europeans were in contact. At the point when Europeans initially came to Canada, they ere astonished on this zone in light of the tremendous of normal assets; for instance, wood/blunder that they could use in Europe so it can help with the advancement of their nation. Right off the bat, Henry the VII financed an investigation to North America set out toward the Italian traveler John Cabot in 1497. In any case, it wasn’t until 1610 when the English settlement started. As strain set among France and England in Europe, rivalry leaded in the Americas. In this way, Henry IV of France relegated Samuel de Champlain to investigate the new grounds in the Americas; Champlain is a significant figure in Canada’s history since he opened up the St Lawrence River nd extended French impact through the incredible lakes bowl. Too, Champlain was engaged with a gathering who were keen on the hide exchange; the French and Aboriginal individuals worked together in the tremendous hide exchange economy. The hide exchange was an exchange between the French and first country individuals for the trade on things, for example, instrument (beaver) and weapons. The short hairs of the beaver were utilized for making design caps and those were sended to Europe. Taking everything into account, the Fur exchange had shaped a significant piece of the early economies of both the English and French states and is exceptionally noteworthy for Canada’s early history in light of the fact that it’s Canada’s first conomy created due to the beaver; which is a characteristic asset, this one and the wood/stumble are the two biggest models why Europeans were so inspired by this land so they are a piece of Canada’s early history and we see the association dependent on their choice after totally happened choosing to settle here thus they end colonizing this nation. On the early long stretches of Jacques Cartier’s France had been developing a state along the ST Lawrence River. Strife among France and England had been developing from that point forward; European encounters spilt over into the new world and in 1629 Kirke of England finished the French province of Port Royal. This set up for restriction between the English and The French in the America’s as well as over the world. As I point first and foremost, Canada’s is the second biggest nation on the planet. So now realizing that Canada is such a major nation individuals is required for its improvement so after all the British vanquished the previous French provinces, engrossing them into their North American regions. In any case, the French settled principally in what is today known as Quebec and Nova Scotia. England permitted the French to remain on the grounds that they required them to settle this nation; s well, Britain upheld Canada with migrants and cash. At long last, when Canada had become a nation, the objective was to bind together, characterize, and fabricated a state. This doesn't imply that the French Canadian deny their mentality as Canadian or that they torgot their customs and legacy. French was made the second official language ot government so as to keep up French political help. I might want to stress that having every one of those realities and Canada being such a major nation is basically connected to its history bringing workers and the Europeans settling in this nation. An omparison of Canada’s history and geology; Mexico is different and it has 3 thousand years of history. As per world history venture (2007) The Republic of Mexico is colossal, including almost 2,000,000 square miles of coastline, desert, downpour backwoods, mountains, and ripe fields. As Canada, Mexico is named as the fourth biggest nation in the western half of the globe and is wealthy in common assets, for example, oil and flammable gas. From the American borderlands of the broad, horticulturally rich north, the nation limits tenderly as it clears south and east. Just as Canada, is circumscribed by the United States. In Canada’s history we comprehend in some point the need of individuals while in Mexico there is a City (Mexico City) that is viewed as one of the most crowded urban areas on the planet. The populace in Mexico is around 120. 8 million people groups. Despite the fact that Mexico and Canada are altogether different nations, they share some way or another things for all intents and purpose, for example, history of colonization. Canada was colonized by the British in the other hand, Mexico was colonized by Spain. Both, British and Spain were astounded by Canada’s and Mexico’s scene, their magnificence and its common assets. At last, Canada and Mexico are two biggest nations and by one way or another their istory and riches on normal assets persuaded different nations, for example, Britain and Spain to pick up enthusiasm on them and that’s how their history is comparative. Taking everything into account, Canada is a place that is known for assorted variety, innovativeness and liberal mentalities. The Canadian individuals are a mosaic of ethnicities; it implies that too it’s shaped by different nationalities which together they structure an incredible home. We comprehend the association by first, verifiable settlement of native individuals in Canada by following untamed life. Also, Europeans came and settle due to Canada’s immense of normal assets nvolving the hide exchange as a firs economy created lastly, settlement of French individuals over Quebec region in light of Canada’s size and need of individuals. To close I might want to cite something that Lorraine Monk a manager of â€Å"Canada the Things We Hold Dear†: An Album of Photographic Memories (1999) stated: â€Å"The look for Canada is an individual Journey. The quest for a national character is a Journey without an end. It started a, quite a while prior. It will proceed into the far off future. The most effective method to refer to Geography and history of canada, Papers

A successful 2018 Language Advocate convention

A successful 2018 Language Advocate convention We just wrapped up our third annual Language Advocate convention, where we were joined by 30 Language Advocates representing 20 languagesâ€"and a whopping 14 different alphabets! Khan Academy staff and Language Advocates exchanged best practices on everything from marketing and  fundraising to effectively partnering with schools using Khan Academy in the classroom. Language Advocates also shared translation tips and tools with each other and presented to the entire Khan Academy staff about their efforts to make Khan Academy available around the world. Last but certainly not least, each Language Advocate brought a tasty treat from their home country so everyone could share in a delicious, international buffet.Language Advocates work hard to make sure Khan Academy content isn’t just translated into different languages but made applicable to each country’s local context. For example, an English math problem about a game of baseball may turn into a problem about a game of soccer in Portuguese or cricket in Hindi. A major focus of the convention was the 2019 goal of creating fully localized curricula for many countries. Just as students and teachers in the Un ited States can currently find AP courses on Khan Academy, students and teachers in other countries will be able to find courses that are aligned to their own national curricula.Finally, Language Advocates met with Sal to discuss the future of Khan Academy, which led to both a great conversation and a fun livestream of the team. Here’s to continuing to work together to making a free, world-class education available to everyone, everywhere, in every language!

The Pauline Epistles I Essay - 2203 Words

Our source of knowledge of the apostolic work of Paul comes first from the Book of Acts. The epistles written by Paul serve to further our knowledge of his mission. These letters were written to churches that he had founded or churches that were known to him. Luke’s account of Paul introduces us to the basic facts about this important biblical figure. A more complete understanding of Paul’s journeys can be gleaned from his letters. These epistles were written almost at the time they occurred and they comprise some of the earliest works contained in the New Testament. These letters had already been written when Luke wrote the Book of Acts, but a close reading indicates that they are independent of one another. Paul wrote letters to†¦show more content†¦It may explain why he mentions in Galatians 6.11, that he wrote in ‘large letters’. It was perhaps a reference used to prove that he wrote the letter and that it was not forged. Speculation points to a physical ailment such as bad eyesight but that seems unlikely considering other scripture. PAUL’S BACKGROUND An examination of the Pauline epistles should begin with an examination of the author. Saul of Tarsus was a Jewish official a Pharisee. Saul was a persecutor of Christians and an eyewitness to the stoning of Steven. â€Å"And cast him out of the city, and stoned him: and the witnesses laid down their clothes at a young mans feet, whose name was Saul.† (Acts 7.58 King James Version) He had a vision on the road to Damascus and was blinded. God sent Ananias to heal Saul of his affliction. God also sent Paul a vision of Ananias to let him know that he would be healed. Paul did not learn the Gospel from other men. He received his knowledge directly from Jesus. Paul is developing and spreading the doctrine of the Church in his letters. The body of Christ (the Church) is being revealed in his letters to the seven churches. Paul’s revelations about the Church concerned its heavenly calling, promise and destiny. The administration and organization of the Church was revealed to us through the apostle Paul. ROMANS The Book of Romans was written around 57-58 A.D. Paul was writing to the Church in Rome from Corinth. It had long been his desire to go to Rome toShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Pauline Epistles I1141 Words   |  5 Pagesarose out of his previous epistles. The second Letter to the Church at Corinth is the supplement of the first. It is due to the same circumstances which called out the first, and to the effects that were produced in the church at Corinth by the receipt of the first letter. (Johnson) Biblical times were not the age of great strides in communication. Letters were very powerful means to convey one’s thoughts. God deemed it necessary to reveal Himself in these Epistles of Paul. This letter tellsRead MoreA Report on the Pauline Epistles3044 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿Over the course of the thirteen Pauline epistles, the author (presumably Paul) instructs his readers regarding not only the proper functioning of a marriage and family, but he also uses the concept and codes of familial life to describe the duties and experiences of a Christian. Thus, one cannot consider the epistles teachings on marriage and the family without considering how these descriptions of the family are integrated into the larger ideological framework produced by the letters, and as suchRead MoreJournal Article Critique Of John G Pauline Cosmic Christology And Ecological Crisis Essay1103 Words   |  5 Pages LIBERTY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF DIVINITY Journal Article Critique of Gibbs, John G. â€Å"Pauline Cosmic Christology and Ecological Crisis.† Journal of Biblical Literature (December 1971): 466-479. Submitted to Dr. Michael Chiavone, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the completion of THEO 510-D01 Survey of Theology by Todd Bush November 6, 2016 Contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...3 Brief Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 Critical Interaction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreThe Paper Is Centered On The Discussion Of The New Testament1657 Words   |  7 PagesThe paper is centered on the discussion of the New Testament Letter Structures, specifically the Epistles. Style, format, and authorship will be some of the main points of discussion. How is the reader to use this information to determine, not just who the author is, but to whom is the author speaking too? The letter or epistle, what unique style shows that the author is original or a pseudo author writing in the same style as the original author. Any similarities of the writing style and contentRead MorePauls letter to the Galatians Essay1103 Words   |  5 PagesOUTLINE I. When and where Galatians was written II. Why Galatians was written III. Who wrote Galatians IV. Pauls stand on his authority in the Letter to the Galatians V. The primary themes of the book of Galatians VI. Conclusion Pauls Letter to the Galatians Where, when, why, and by whom Galatians was written as well as the issue, of Pauls authority, addressed by him in his letter and the primary themes are all important in order to understand this book. quot;The Letter of PaulRead MoreImportant Issues in the Non-Pauline Churches1539 Words   |  7 PagesIssues in the Non-Pauline Churches December 3, 2013 Important Issues in the Non-Pauline Churches Even though many Christians are not aware of the problems, there are issues in the non-Pauline churches because the scriptures point out several and the author address them. This paper will focus on those issues found in the non-Pauline letters which were written to the churches of that day. Then those issues will be compared to the issues which are found in the Pauline letters. ManyRead MorePauls View On The Church1480 Words   |  6 Pagesprominent teachings of Paul is regarding on the subject of the church. Not only did he write letters to church but in many occasion talked about what the church is. But the question that often brings up is â€Å"What is the church?† In the following paper I will lay out what Paul believes and describes of what the church is, and what the church does. What is the Church? There are key references in the Bible that Paul talks about regard the church: Ephesians 1:22-23; 2:11-22; 3:3-9, Colossians 1:24-27;Read MoreGeneral Epistles: Books and Issues Covered943 Words   |  4 PagesGeneral Epistles The epistles were letters that various of the apostles wrote, generally, to different congregations or to individuals they wished to encourage. All of the Pauline Epistles were either written to a specific church (Ephesians/Ephesus, Galatians/Galatia, etc.) or to an individual such as Timothy or Philemon. However, there were general letters written by individuals that were not originally meant for a specific group of people. These are called the General Epistles since they wereRead MoreAnalysis Of Ephesians 4, By The Apostle Paul Essay1518 Words   |  7 PagesUpon our arrival to Ephesians 4, we come to an epistle that many believe was penned by the Apostle Paul while being held in prison. In writing this letter, his primary audience is to a group of churches in 1st century Ephesus. It is important to note that in the historical context in which this letter is written, Christianity was not the popular religious belief of the nation. But rather, Ephesus was an extremely diverse cult ure in its religious practices throughout the city. As a result of thisRead MoreIntroduction Of The New Testament Essay2971 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿Introduction of the New Testament Summary of introduction to the new testament Louis Berkof by systematically addressing the origin of the Gospel and the Epistles of the New Testament, their content, characteristics, authorship, composition, and canonical significance,   Takes on the difficult undertaking of ensuring that the New Testament is accurately understood within what he perceives is the correct historical setting. Berkhof primarily intended this book for his students at Calvin Theological

Public Relations Chairm An Overview - 1344 Words

Public Relations Chairman – An Overview The Public Relations Chairman promotes good relations with the chapter’s publics, projects the chapter’s positive reputation by evaluating chapter activities for positive public relations and educates the chapter about the importance of positive public relations. Role of Public Relations Chairman: âž ¢ Supervise the Public Relations Program. âž ¢ Act as the steward of chapter’s positive reputation. âž ¢ Serve as a role model to the rest of the chapter. âž ¢ Represent what the chapter and the Fraternity stand for to others on campus and in the community. Responsibilities of Public Relations Chairman and the Committee: âž ¢ Serve as chairman of the Public Relations Committee, which consists of: †¢ Public Relations†¦show more content†¦Ã¢Å¾ ¢ Create Public Relations Program involving all aspects of chapter activities. Work with Chapter Council, the Public Relations Committee and chapter members to identify specific ways to promote chapter and member successes. âž ¢ Present a program annually in the fall to address the public reputation of the chapter: †¢ Personal and group behavior and how they relate to each other. †¢ Chapter’s current image on campus. †¢ Chapter’s publics affected by the reputation of the chapter and its members. †¢ Importance of maintaining appropriate content on social networking sites. †¢ Review social media guidelines. †¢ Chapter’s leadership strengths on campus, highlighting members who have been leaders on campus. âž ¢ Publicize successes: †¢ Write and produce annual chapter newsletter: o Fosters communication with alumnae and keep them in touch with their chapter. o Serves as a permanent record of the chapter’s year and as part of the chapter history. †¢ Consider in publishing the newsletter: o Calendar — publish annually, at least once per academic year, with the issue date determined by the chapter. o Cost — consider an electronic newsletter for alumnae. o Circulation. o Content includes: – Chapter news – Campus life and trends – Recruitment information – Advisory Board and/or House Board news and

By the River Free Essays

The story of Harry Howdy living In a small country town and his growth Into a young man Is a ‘bloodcurdling’. That Is, It describes his coming of age, a process that moves children, sometimes quite roughly, into the adult world. The death of his mother and the loss of a dear childhood friend certainly force Harry to enter this adult world, as they teach him the importance of close and supporting relationships. We will write a custom essay sample on By the River or any similar topic only for you Order Now Harry has to take on adult responsibilities earlier than expected after the loss of his mother to a fatal disease. Both he and his brother Keith, take over the housework â€Å"my rather and me shared the duties our mother left us† to help their father, who Is busy In full time employment, providing for the family. It is Harry and Keith who keep the household running by â€Å"cooking† and keeping â€Å"the bathroom shining like a medal†. Harry has to combine these adult responsibilities with the grief that he feels, not only with the death of his mother, but also the death of his close friend Linda Mahoney. Linda Mahoney was Harry close school friend and her support enabled him to cope with the death of his mother and the small mindedness of his town. She shared her levels, ambitions, and her delouses orange cake with Harry. â€Å"She held out an orange cake and a card† and â€Å"l sat in the shade, enjoying her dreams and the sound of her eager voice until she stopped, closed her book, look up at me and ask, ‘What do you want to be Harry? ‘ â€Å". This highlights Land’s kindness to Harry and the way that she wants to encourage his dreams. When Linda drowned in a flood when Harry was 14, he grieved for her. From then on, Harry visited her memorial cross â€Å"so that our town had something worth remembering†, to tell her stories and to be close to her. He kept the area tidy In memory of Linda. Just like his father looked after his mother’s memorial. His school friend, Johnny Barlow, also grieved Land’s death. As the story in By the River progresses, Johnny Barlow became Harry close friend. This was despite the Barlow family having a bad reputation in town. The father â€Å"lines up empty beer bottles†; the eldest brother â€Å"received two years Jail, for beating up a businessman†, the other brother Wayne, â€Å"motorbikes, the pub and girls†. The youngest son Johnny suffered as a result of the poor reputation of his family. He’ll turn up Like his brother, locked In Jail’. In Harry corning of age, his father teaches him to form his own opinions of people and not to rely on other people’s misjudgment. While everyone in their town judges Johnny, Harry becomes friends with him. Harry discovers a ring on Linda Mahogany grave and learns that Johnny cared for Linda and that he is actually capable of emotionally hurting despite what some people might think, â€Å"she sat between us, remember? † Together they grieve for Linda and live through the judgment of the town. By the River’ Is a powerful Illustration of the life of a young boy who grows up following the death of his mother and close friend Linda Mahoney. It provides vivid examples of the difficulties of living in a small country town. Through Harry experiences in assuming adult responsibilities, through his coping with grief and through his reassessment of people’s characters, Harry transitions from childhood Into adulthood. In the beginning, Harry only wants to escape his town. Through his becoming of an adult, Harry realizes that, If he Is going to leave this How to cite By the River, Papers

Reckitt Benckiser and Unilever HCP

Executive Summary The report is based on the analysis of the consumer product industry where Reckitt Benckiser and Unilever HCP are used. It is also based on Dettol and Vaseline which are products of the two companies respectively. It has been evident that Reckitt Benckiser is among the leading companies in the consumer industry with operations in more than 60 countries and sells its products in more than 180 nations. On the other hand, Unilever HCP sells its products in more than 90 countries.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Reckitt Benckiser and Unilever HCP specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The companies have wider market coverage as its products are found in Africa, Asia, Middle East, and the U.S. to remain relevant in the market; the companies have put into consideration the macro environment and micro environment forces. They have also used differentiated segmentation to locate their various clients who are found all over the world. Other findings from the report analysis are that competition from other manufacturers has been the major threat in their operations. However, they both have strong brands that have gained a large market share compared to other goods that can be used as substitutes. Open market in the European Union has ensured that the companies enjoy some tax lifts in its operations. Tax regulations and unstable regulatory policies have also been a threat to the company’s operations over the last years. Recommendations have been provided based on the whole report analysis. Introduction The report seeks to explore the consumer product industry by carrying out a case analysis of Reckitt Benckiser and Unilever HCP companies. The report looks at one from each company, for instance, Dettol and Vaseline respectively. The purpose of the report is to address the various marketing concepts and their understanding based on practical work. Reckitt Benckiser is one of the leading companies in the consumer products in different countries. The company has its headquarters in Slough UK. Its major brands are Strepsils, Dettol, Veet, Air week, Vanish, and durex. Unilever UK HPC operates in the consumer and household industry. The company has its headquarters in Kingston-Upon-Thames, UK. It specialises in hair care, skin care, and hygiene markets. It has operations all over the world and its major products are Dove, Impulse, Lux, Lynx, and Vaseline among others. Industry background Reckitt Benckiser and the Unilever UK and HPC belong to the consumer goods industry. The industry has markets in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and U.S.A among others. The companies manufacture, distribute and retail their commodities to the different markets in the world. Both based in the UK, they have diversified distribution channels that ensure that their goods reach the targeted market. The consumer goods industry market trends have shifted at a more rapid speed because o f competition, globalisation, and technology advancement.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The challenges facing the consumer industry has been the changing regulations, intense competition and markets that have become lean because of many players. This has forced the manufactures keep a close relationship with the supply chains so as to be successful in the demanding environment. However, because of the products manufactured by the industry like Cleaning products, condiments, healthcare, antiseptics, detergents, air fresheners, among other house hold products the industry has increased at a steady rate. Some of the power brands of Reckitt Benckiser are Dettol, Mortein, Durex, dip-it, Strepsils, Harpic, and Vanish among many more. Unilever UK and HPC products include Dove, Impulse, Lux, Lynx, Sun silk, Sure, Timotei, and Vaseline (Datamonitor 2007, p.7). These products defin e the segmentation of their markets basically based on their wide market shares. Company background Reckitt Benckiser is the leading and the largest consumer goods company that has its headquarters located in Slough, UK. It was founded in 1814 with operations in more than 60. Reckitt Benckiser sells its products in more180 countries and a workforce of more than 2300 employees and annual net revenue of more than  £3.5 billion (ProClarity Corporations, 2005 p.1). Over the years the company has undergone mergers and acquisition so as to increase its efficiency and effectiveness along the supply chain. For instance the company formed a merger with Reckitt Colman and the Benckiser to form the current Reckitt Benckiser (ProClarity Corporations, 2005, p.1). Its management strategy has been ‘innovation marketing’ which combines product innovation and increased marketing spending. The management strategy focuses on the needs of consumers. This has made the company become succ essful in its operations and the increased market share. Reckitt Benckiser is the largest and fast growing consumer goods manufacturer in the U.K. it is known for its major brands such as Strepsils, Dettol, Durex, Cilit Bang, harpic, and Air wicks. The market of the Reckitt Benckiser products has been segmented along different clustering aspects like age, sex, gender, and different geographical regions. This has made the company penetrate the market largely increasing its market share. It is estimated that Reckitt Benckiser sells more than 9 million products on a daily basis (ProClarity Corporations, 2005, p.2). Dettol antiseptic is one of the leading brands of Reckitt Benckiser. The product comes in both solid and liquid forms. The liquid product has a light yellow colouration but it usually changes to milky white when added to water.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Reckitt Benckiser and Unilever HCP specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Dettol comes in glass plastic containers that have different packaging sizes. When the product is swallowed it could kill because of its poisonous nature. It is used by different people in different geographical representation because of its effectiveness. Being a household commodity, the product is used as an antiseptic to treat wounds, cuts, acnes, skin disorders and cleaning abrasions and cuts. Unilever UK and HPC The company was founded in 1930 after several UK based soap manufacturers merged (Datamonitor 2007, p.6). Since then the company has concentrated in the manufacture of personal care products. The company specialises in the hygiene markets, skin care and healthcare products. The company has its headquarters in Kingston-Upon-Thames, the UK (Datamonitor 2007, p.4). Most of the company’s products are sold in the UK, Africa, Middle East, Asia, and USA. The financial record indicates that it had recorded net revenues is  £25bn (Steiner 2010). The global retail consumer products manufacturer is a leader in its unique productions although it faces a huge competition in its manufacturing. The home care and personal division of Unilever UK and HPC are responsible for the production of several consumer products (Datamonitor 2007, p.5). The company is a global has found its market share by specializing in home care and personal care products. To ensure market segmentation, the company two manufacturing divisions have been operating to make sure it increases its market share. For instance, it produces products that cater for all generations, sex, gender, and geographical representation. Vaseline is one of the major brands of Unilever UK and HPC. It is sold all over the world by all people regardless of their age, colour or sex. Vaseline products are found in almost more than 90 countries. The petroleum jelly has been segmented to fit different markets in the world. The product comes in different forms with Vaseline Lip therapy being the largest brands used on lips. Vaseline has been ranked as the number one body and hand lotion in the world. The product has many uses such as protecting the skin from rays, heat, dryness and moisture restoration. Because of its medicinal and healing properties, Vaseline is used on cuts, skin abrasions and burns. Like Detoll, Vaseline has no age limit and is used all over the world. Strategic marketing and planning Strategic planning is a marketing concept that deals with the direction of the company while strategic marketing involves the management of the business and the market it operates from by linking the two. The two companies have strategic levels as part of their strategic marketing and planning.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The two companies have incorporated functional, business and corporate strategies in their operations. The three levels of strategic hierarchy are witnessed in the company marketing management. For example, Reckitt Benckiser as applied the porters model differentiation as part of its target strategy to maintain a competitive edge. The company’s operations are also diversified with new marketing strategies being put into place. The same has been done in Unilever HCP Company. Macro environmental forces They are the external forces that originate from the outside. They affect a company directly as well as the whole industry. Examples are economics, politics, legal frameworks, technology, social cultural factors and the natural environment (Groucutt, Forsyth Leadley 2004, p.34). Politics The marketing place is by shaped the political forces which influence the regulatory environment (Young Pagoso 2009, p.56). These factors influence marketers on how the distribute and sell the ir products. Political forces affect the industry and organisations in a negative or positive way. According to Kotler, Kotler Kotler (2008, p. 50) some of other aspects include regulatory processes, employment laws and international rules. For instance, in Europe the European Union formation opened the market industry for most of the companies in the region. Marketers can now distribute and sell products without fear of high taxation and international regulations. Taxes have been lifted on members’ states and can operate well. For example, the consumer product industry from which the Reckitt Benckiser and Unilever HCP operates from is located in the UK, the centre of the European Union. Opening the market, lifting some of the taxes and operating with same currency has made it possible for two companies to fair well in the consumer product industry. Technology The 21st century is characterised by the advancement in technology which affects the whole industry. The developmen t in technology offers both threats and opportunities to the marketers. Companies are often faced with challenges brought by technological change in the industry (Young Pagoso 2009, p. 55). Although, some products have some technological aspects incorporated, technological changes mean that the company has to have technical solutions in the product so as to address the changes and remain relevant in industry. The consumer product industry has not been left behind technological advancement and changes. To remain relevant the two companies in the consumer products industry have to adopt new technology while manufacturing and marketing their products. For any company to remain competitive in the market, it has keep up with increased technological advancements. This is because technology has the accelerating products obsolescence in the industry. During product development, a company has to consider the way the product needs to be developed so as to be competitive. Social cultural fact ors The tastes and opinions of the people are determined by the culture. The consumer products industry is a wide industry where the products are sold in different markets. The populations that make societies are note homogenous and marketers need to address all the needs of the customers. There are subcultures found in these populations which have values and beliefs that people follow. Some of these subcultures include religion, social activity or race. Some beliefs and values are strong and cannot be broken by marketers in that industry so they are faced with the challenge of addressing all the people. The consumer goods industry manufactures products which are more into the people than any other industry and Adverts made should not jeopardize the market share of the product. Marketers should consider these sub-cultures for people are known to have consumption habits that are different from the general population. There are also secondary values that influence the opinions of peop le like changing tastes, role of models and the media. The two companies have considered all these social-cultural factors as they have products in different geographical representation. Micro environmental forces They are the internal forces that surface from the company and the company can control them. For example, suppliers, employees, customers, competitors, regulators, trade unions among others (Groucutt, Forsyth Leadley 2004, p.29). Reckitt Benckiser Customers The company has survived in the consumer product market because they have met the demands of the people. For instance, Dettol has been successful in the market for it meets the demands and the needs of the people. Employees The company has employed the correct staff and kept them over the years. As part of strategic planning, the company ensures all the employees are motivated. The employees have also undergone training to develop their skills so as to gain competitive edge. Competitors The company has been able to rem ain relevant in the consumer product industry through the manufacturer of brands that has been competitive in the market. For example, Dettol has been one of the leading brands in the market making the company have its position in the industry. Unilever HCP Media The company has able to remain relevant through the media coverage. The adverts of Unilever are common making a positive impact to the consumers and the company. This has made the company gain compete with other competitors like Procter gamble. Competitors Differentiation has been the marketing concept that Unilever has been using in its country. The company has been able to offer products that are more competitive for a long period of time. For its brands, the company has done competitor analysis thus remaining relevant to the market. Employees The company has employed a staff and kept them over the years. As part of strategic planning, the company ensures all the employees are motivated. So as to gain competitive edge t he company has been training and developing its employees. SWOT analysis It is an analysis framework that gives the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats that an organisation faces in the market industry. According to Bohm ( 2009, p.1) SWOT analysis uses an integrated approach to confront internal strengths and weakness of a company as well as the external opportunities to the company and the threats it faces so as to come up with strategic options. Unilever SWOT Analysis Strengths They are global leaders in skin cleansing, antiperspirants and deodorants products. Have range of products that meet different diversity of people Have increased their sales in Africa, Middle East and Asia Have in-depth understanding of various markets Have been innovative in their products Have wider range of consumer products which are a must to be consumed Unique bottle shape which makes the brand distinctive. Have the capacity of tailoring their products according to the demands of the c ustomers Weaknesses Fall in profits because of the increased corporate taxes in UK Decrease in revenues and profit margins because of the increased competition Decline in research and development The company has inadequate ability to maximize on acquisitions Company is faced with dual leadership Although it has wide range of brands it has inefficient in managing the brands. Opportunities Because of increased brand loyalty, the company has the opportunity of introducing new products in the market that can increase its market share. Increased market share in Africa, Turkey and the Middle East Increased market share in Latin America through market development and penetration Unilever can change the market segments by making more of health related products Through the application of technology it has the capacity of integrating its market The firm can increase brand awareness by using digital communication channels. Increase market share through merger and acquisition Threat s High levels of competition from other companies in the consumer industry like Procter Gamble, Reckitt Benckiser Workers protest on equal pay, better working conditions and formation of labour unions. Development of substitute products which are cheaper Increased corporate taxes in UK that may see the company close or make losses Changing tax rates in UK and other countries where Unilever UK has branches Loss making by some of its products SWOT Analysis of Reckitt Benckiser Strengths The company has a strong brand equity making it the largest consumer product company It has invested more in innovation thus devising new products The market has developed a strong market share through product segmentation Have increased their sales in Africa, Middle East and Asia Have in-depth understanding of various markets Being a leading company, it operates under a cost advantage It has a variety of brands that increases its market share The company has one of the strongest management teams into place Weaknesses The company has a poor chain of supply The companies is faced with diseconomies of scale Dependency on some brands more than others There has been a decline in research and development Although it has wide range of brands it has inefficient in managing the brands. The company has not been able to diversify some of its brands Opportunities Because of increased brand loyalty, the company has the opportunity of introducing new products in the market that can increase its market share. It has opportunity of forming mergers and acquisition in the future The company has the chance of product expansion in the future Company has the chance and opportunity for takeovers Reckitt Benckiser can change the market segments by making more of health related products Through research and development it has the capacity of integrating its market Threats High levels of competition from other companies in the consumer industry like Procter Gamble The economic slowdown and recession has effect of the company It faces product substitution from other consumer product companies The company faces external changes like high taxes in UK, politics and change in government policies The exchange rates have been fluctuating over the years. Imports and emergence of low cost competitors in the consumer product economy Market segmentation The marketing concept entails the division of the targeted market into segments that have similar characteristics. Botha, Strydom and brink (2004, p.61) note that market segmentation involves the practice of clustering different people who share similar needs based on aspects like age, sex, and gender among others. The common segmentation variables are geographic, demographic, psychographic and behavioural segments (Morgan Summers 2005, P.97). The geographic segmentation is deals with the location. The two companies have used this approach to segments its market because they have customers from UK, USA, Middle East, Asia, and Africa among others. Demographic segmentation this concentrates on the social economical aspects of a given population. Example of these is age, gender, the size of the household, education, sex, and income level segments (Morgan Summers 2005, P.97). Psychographic segmentation is concerned with aspects like lifestyle of the customers, social class of the targeted group, the opinion of the people towards the brand of that particular company, interests and activities the customers such as games they are involved in the beliefs and the attitudes of the people toward the products since they determine the opinions of the people toward a particular product segments (Morgan Summers 2005, P.97). Behavioural segmentation addresses the customers’ behaviours towards the products being launched or already existing in the market. Some of the characteristics of behavioural segmentation considered are the degree of the product usage; customers brand loyalty, and the type o f the users the company is targeting segments (Morgan Summers 2005, P.98). The two companies being in the consumer product industry with markets all over the world and even with covering demographic aspects use all the four variables in segmenting their different markets. With their products being used by all people covers all the four segmentation variables Target markets They are the chosen groups of people that a marketing department targets for sell of its goods. The Vaseline targeted group is the whole population because its policy is no matter your age or your skin Vaseline care for you. The target market for Dettol is all the households who need family protection from germs and bacteria. Figure 1Characteristics of the target market in relation to different segmentation variables Segmentation variable Characteristics of the target market Geographic The region of the targeted market It could be rural or urban International or local market Behavioural The customers produ ct usage The lifestyle type The personality of the targeted population Psychographic The social class .i.e. poor, middle or rich The type of the lifestyle People personality Opinions and the attitude of the people Interests and activities Behavioural The type of the users Brand loyalty The product usage Demographic Age, family size, nationality, religion, income, sex, level of education, occupations of the users, religion, size of the household and nationality Targeting strategy There are three common targeting strategies are they are undifferentiated, concentrated and differentiated. Undifferentiated This is applied by a company that decides to relay product benefits by using similar promotional message to the targeted population (Sandhusen 2008, p.298). This works well for products that are affordable and available to all consumers. The customers should be able to derive the same benefits from the product. Differentiated A company uses this type of strategy while the prod uct targets a particular specific segment (Sandhusen 2008, p.298). The promotional messages are designed in such a way that they target a single specified segment. Concentrated A company using this strategy chooses to concentrate on a particular segment chosen from a cluster of several segments but leaves the others to close competitors (Sandhusen 2008, p.298). The designed promotions message has the capacity to communicate different benefits. Based on the explanations on the different targets, Reckitt Benckiser and Unilever HCP operate using the differentiated strategy. This is because the companies tailor the products based on the needs of the customer targeting one of the segments in the market through differentiation. Choosing targeting strategy After specifying the several segments that fit the product, the marketing department positions itself in the industry using either of the strategy. However, the marketers can use either the cost leadership approach or the differentiatio n. In the cost leadership, the companies aim at high sales with the aim of attaining market leadership through competitors undercut. On the other hand, a company differentiates itself from other companies by offering a product that is unique. The products offered have strong benefits and are different from competitors. After locating the different tastes, preferences, attitudes and behaviours of a segment group, the company can decide to choose one of the approaches to get the strategy. Positioning strategy They are used to project a favourable image of the brands to the minds of the customers and they are, Product characteristics/ attribute This approach uses the characteristic of the product to give an illustration of what a consumer would expect from it. Some products have single of more characteristics being used to position the product. For example, Vaseline offers a healthy skin all day while Dettol protects the family from germs. Pricing The positioning strategy use price and quality approach to reach the customers. The combination of this depends on the people mindset that if a product is expensive then it is of good or high quality, and vice versa. A good example is Dettol which is referred to as a premium brand. Mothers are always willing to pay more to protect their children from bacteria and germs and use Vaseline to keep the family healthy. Application or Use Position strategy that relies on application or use is used to expand the market of the particular brand. For instance, modifying the product to increase its application expands its brand market. For example the Dettol Antiseptic uses have been increased over the years thus creating an application positioning strategy this has also been the case with Positioning strategy based on competitors (Saxena, R., 2009, p.281) The company focuses more on the competitors substitute products in the market. In some extreme cases a company can use the positioning strategies applied by competitors so as to take over on the competitors’ base. For instance, Dettol is displayed as a premium brand that provides 100% protection form bacteria and germs that all mother need to protect their family as a whole. Mother is used as a focal point for Dettol soap users positioning which when compared to Lux which has focus on men. The Unilever Company uses the product characteristics and the application positioning strategy. For example, Vaseline is marketed using its characteristics and the application or the usage mode. On the other hand, Reckitt Benckiser uses are the application, positioning based on competitors, pricing and the product attribute as explained above. Recommendations Based on the findings no company has operations in more 190 countries, it is recommendable the companies make their products available in all countries. This would increase its market share and reach many people thus having competitive edge over its competitors. Benckiser should design products that target gra duates and students. For example, the new acquired brand Durex can be a power brand dedicated to students, undergraduates and people in their first careers. This would encourage entrepreneurial and attitude spirits. Although, it may not increase its sales it promotes the company and its brand name. Most of the Unilever products target the family or the household. It could make some brands that focus on the career professionals; this would encourage more people to by buy goods so as to be associated with that particular product. Reference List Bohm, A., 2009, The SWOT Analysis. München: GRIN Verlag. Bothat, J., Strydom, J., Brink, A., 2004, Introduction to marketing. Cape Town: Juta. Datamonitor., 2007. Unilever UK Home and Personal Care Web. Groucutt, J., Forsyth, P., Leadley, P, 2004, marketing: essential principles, new  Realities. London: Kogan Page. Kotler, N. G., Kotler, P., Kotler, W. I., 2008, Museum marketing and strategy: designing missions, building audiences, gen erating revenue and resources. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Morgan, M. J. J., Summers, J., 2005, Sports marketing. Southbank: Thomson. ProClarity Corporations., 2005. Reckitt Benckiser. pp, 1-3. Sandhusen, R., 2008, Marketing. Hauppauge, New York: Barron’s Educational Series. Saxena, R., 2009, Marketing management. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill. Steiner, R., 2010. Unilever threat to quit UK over rising taxes. [Online ]. Stead, W. E., Stead, J. G., 2004. Sustainable strategic management. Armonk, New York: Sharpe. Young, F.C., Pagoso, C. M., 2009, Principles of Marketing’ 2008. Manila, Philippines: Rex Bookstore, Inc. This report on Reckitt Benckiser and Unilever HCP was written and submitted by user S1lverSable to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Job Interview Guide and Practice for ESL Students

Job Interview Guide and Practice for ESL Students In this extended job interviewing listening selection, youll hear the first few moments of a job interview. Before you listen, there are a few things you should note about standard job interview behavior, speaking forms used, and more. Breaking the Ice Youll notice a few questions in the beginning of the interview that concerns how the job applicant arrived and the weather. This is commonly referred to as breaking the ice. Breaking the ice is an important way to begin the job interview, but it shouldnt take too long. Generally, job interviewers will break the ice to help you feel comfortable. Make sure to give positive, but not too detailed answers to these ice breakers. Give short, positive answers to questions.Dont go into too much detail.Expect questions about the weather or how you arrived at the job interview.Its a good idea to make a pleasant comment yourself to break the ice. Keep it short, positive and simple. Referrals Sometimes, you may have found about a job opportunity through a referral. If this is the case, make sure to use the referral to your best advantage by mentioning it at the beginning of the interview. Mention the name of the referral at the beginning of the interview. Ideally, this should be done when asked about how you found the job opening.Provide the name of the referral, but dont go into too much detail about the relationship, unless asked.Give the name of the referral only once. Dont continue to repeat the name during the interview.Dont assume the job interviewer knows the person you are mentioning. Language Relating your job experience and how it relates to the specific job for which you are applying are the two most important tasks during any job interview. Make sure to use lots of descriptive verbs and adjectives to describe your responsibilities. For example, instead of the following job description: I talked to customers about their problems. A more descriptive phrase with better vocabulary might be: I counseled customers documenting their concerns, and coordinating our response to their individual needs. In the listening selection, you will hear the present perfect, present perfect continuous and present simple used because the person is speaking about his current projects. Take some time to prepare descriptive sentences concerning your responsibilities.Use a dictionary, or this handy job interview vocabulary page to improve your vocabulary selection.Make sure to connect your past experience to the position by using lots of present perfect.Quickly review appropriate job interviewing tenses for describing experiences. Now that youve reviewed some basic interviewing technique, open this link in a new window and listen a few times to the job interview listening selection. If you have difficulties understanding, go to the next page to see a transcription of the job interview. Interviewer (Ms Hanford): (opens door, shakes hands) Good morning†¦Job Applicant (Mr. Anderson): Good morning, Joe Anderson, its a pleasure to meet you Ms Hanford. Hanford: How do you do? Please take a seat. (Joe sits) Its quite the rainy day outside, isnt it?Anderson: Yes, luckily, you have a nice underground parking lot that helped me avoid the worst of it. I must say this is an impressive building. Hanford: Thank you, we like working here... Now, lets see. Youve come to interview for the position of e-commerce manager, havent you?Anderson: Yes, Peter Smith encouraged me to apply, and I think Id be ideal for the position. Hanford: Oh. Peter†¦ hes a great sysadmin, we like him a lot †¦ Lets go over your resume. Could you begin by telling me about your qualifications?Anderson: Certainly. Ive been working as the regional assistant director of marketing at Simpco Northwest for the past year. Hanford: And what did you do before that?Anderson: Before that, I was a Simpco local branch manager in Tacoma. Hanford: Well, I see you have done well at Simpco. Can you give me some more detail about your responsibilities as assistant director?Anderson: Yes, Ive been in charge of in-house personnel training for our Internet customer service reps over the past six months. Hanford: Can you tell me a little bit about what youve been doing in your training?Anderson: Weve been working on improving customer satisfaction through an innovative e-commerce solution which provides real-time chat service help to visitors to the site. Hanford: Interesting. Is there anything in particular you feel would be useful here at Sanders Co.?Anderson: I understand that you have been expanding your e-commerce to include social networking features. Hanford: Yes, thats correct.Anderson: I think that my experience in customer relations via the Internet in real-time puts me in the unique position of understanding what works and what doesnt. Hanford: Yes, that does sound useful. What difficulties and challenges do you think we might run into?Anderson: Well, I think well continue to see consumers spend more of the shopping dollars online. Ive been studying how sales directly relates to customer satisfaction with online services. Hanford: Would you mind giving me a bit more detail on that?Anderson: Sure ... if customers arent satisfied with the service they receive online, they wont come back. Its much easier to lose customers online. Thats why you need to make sure that you get it right the first time round. Hanford: I can see youve learnt quite a lot in the short time youve been working in e-commerce.Anderson: Yes, its an exciting field to be working in †¦

Outline Note Taking. Make Studying Easier

Outline Note Taking. Make Studying Easier It’s easy to reach information-overload at college, especially when the professor talks too fast, or when you are doing final preparations for an exam. To make things tougher your brain needs time to file the information for remembering later. This all adds up to the need to organize the data right from the beginning. Outline note taking is one way to achieve this. Look Through a Practical Example Let’s assume you would like to summarize â€Å"outline note taking† as a possible examination question, in which case you might set it out in layers like this. Notice the main thoughts are down the left hand margin, with the lowest levels at the far right. Let’s use the same outline for the rest of this blog to help you get a feel and cement your understanding. Introduction to Outline Note Taking Outline note taking is a study method that uses an outline to logically structure a block of information, and make the details easier to retrieve from memory later. The data could come from a lecture, a tutorial, a textbook, or your own ideas as you get to grip with a topic. Making summary notes is as old as written history, for example the hieroglyphics on Inca and Egyptian pyramid walls. The ancients did not have space to write everything down so they created symbols for the key concepts. Outline note taking at college has a related purpose. There is so much information coming out of class you don’t have time to write it down. If you did, how would you find it in a box full of notebooks and scraps of paper? It makes so much more sense to jot down the teacher’s thoughts in a logical set of headings. That way, you can concentrate on what they are saying. Outline note taking is also a great way to summarize a chapter in a textbook so you get to see the bigger picture, and understand the overall message. How This Method Works Use a pencil and have an eraser handy because you are going to make changes throughout the process. You need to separate the main topic from the lower order ones. This is not always as easy as it seems. For example, the lecturer’s thinking may not be logical from your perspective, or the textbook chapter not directly related to your major. Most students put the key thoughts on the left and the minor ones to the right. This is entirely a matter of choice and you can do this the other way around or from top to bottom if you like. Whichever way you go it is important to use a separator between the words and phrases, so you know where one ends and the next one begins. I used a grid. Bullets, numbers, highlighter colors are equally good. Practical Application of Outline Note Taking Capturing key thoughts in the appropriate boxes is the secret to outline note taking that works. For example, if your teacher says, â€Å"Today we are going to discuss the political implications of the Civil War† you could outline it this way: There are no model answers. What works for you is right. As long as you are flexible, are not hogtied to an early idea and keep that eraser handy, you will do fine and get your mind around outline note taking soon. The words in the titles are incredibly important because they trigger your memory later of the details you are summarizing. If you are a history student, then ‘U.S. Civil War’ could be advisable. Which do you think is best: consequences, penalties or implications? This is not just semantics. Outline note taking is about words and their meanings. You may find it helpful to use ‘cue words’ as further memory triggers where the outline titles are broad. Here’s a worked example to illustrate what we mean. Again, these are just loose thoughts. Do you remember the definition earlier? Outline note taking is a study method that uses an outline to logically structure a block of information, and make the details easier to remember later. So next time you do your homework, try taking notes the outline way. See for yourself how useful that will be.

Morality of punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Morality of punishment - Essay Example It is important to note that punishment should not be used as to serve an example but as fitting and appropriate for a criminal action. In any criminal proceeding, there is the burden of proof which most often falls upon the victim. It is known that in many circumstances hatred and thoughts of revenge are acceptable in the most heinous of criminal acts (Murphy). In questions of morality, we must examine the victim’s response to the action; does this response indicate to us some degree of what the victim has suffered in order to determine an appropriate deterring punishment? Victim hatred in most cases would lead the justice system more towards a retributive system and in securing these interests more libertarian beliefs may allow for social contractors to maintain a system of revenge beyond what is allowed. Herbert Morris is grounded in his belief that we have the right to punish as well as the criminal right to be punished (Morris). In claiming the right to be free we are in as much agreeing to the doctrines and laws that must followed in order to allow one to remain free. This paper will review and discuss some of the morality issues, questions, and beliefs concerning punishment from several angles. Morality of Punishment To distinguish punishment as an entity that is well defined and definitive is impossible. It is thought by Hegel that free will is such a thing that can have visible existence though it is realized only in the moment or instance that it is manifested; such as in violent actions, force, or in the decision to devoid other’s rights (Hegel, p 87, 2001). Free will is something considered destroyed by violent actions and a principle that is canceled by violence. It is the nature of the human mind to value honor above most other attributes. Kant states that those who commit murder should be inflicted the ultimate punishment of death yet in opposition of this humanity asserts that any capital punishment is wrongful and violates a conta ct of justice and civil behavior (Kant, & Gregor). Punishment is not suffered because one has willed it to be so; rather the individual has willed a punishable action. Crime is a negative judgment in its complete sense; while the right to injure is available, the consequences and punishments are defined. Injury is a right of the criminal and the expression of their inherent will demonstrates the freedom and liberties that are granted (Hegel) It is both reasonable and just that punishments are established and connected with violations of the rights of others (Morris). Those who violate established rules have renounced self-control or self-restraints. It is seen by some that Americans may do as they please provided there is no one willing or able to prove that their actions are fundamentally wrong. This creates situations where victims fall prey to the system and are accounted for by the burden of proof. This in itself constitutes the re-victimizing of a victim. Are criminals granted the right to be protected and shielded from the potential hate and desire for strong revenge from victims? Is this a constitutional or fundamental right that should be ensured in severe cases of victimization? Are victims expected to show little emotion, anger, rage or hatred towards their violator? (Murphy) Those intent on arguing against hatred and rage will state the emotions involved in these situations are

Administrative Decision Making & The Constitution at Work Essay

Administrative Decision Making & The Constitution at Work - Essay Example Additionally, differences among administrative theory would tend to vary on matters between management and operation, for example, the difference between getting things done and doing things. However, no matter the number of evolving administrative theories, it is the same skill that is required universally; in the industry; government as well as home management (Kennedy and Shultz 2011). The policy/administration dichotomy was a leadership theory that was popular during the early years of public administration mostly due to business principles used in managing the government (Henry 1975). As years passed by, dichotomy requested for politics to be removed in the administration section of the government. This left politics to officials elected who make policy. In short, Reformers used the idea of policy/administration dichotomy to reform/ change the government structure particularly in both politicians and administrators. The dichotomy theory did not intend to threaten those in power because it ensured that politicians would make relevant policies and other related decisions whilst the administrator would be the person in charge of implementing the made policies. Political neutrality is vital because it enabled the different government officials that are the politicians and the administrators to stick to their roles and ensured that no role was duplicated. In the past , public administration performed in public organization which was only in the grounds of accounting instead of, the actual performance of implementing existing policies. Today, public administration role in decision making is an important role, particularly in the management of and, control of public bureaucracy (Kennedy and Shultz 2011). The six paradigms by Henry clearly illustrate how public administration has changed and become more defined over the years. The first paradigm is about

Analysis of the National Environmental Policy Act

Analysis of the National Environmental Policy Act Summary of Laws Purpose: The purpose of the National Environmental Policy Act was to establish recommendations for federal agencies to encourage mitigation and reduction of potential damage to environmental systems from human-environment interactions that prioritized human interest over environmental health (Dept. of Energy, 1969). It was meant to educate federal agencies on how natural systems and ecosystem services are of critical importance (Dept. of Energy, 1969). In addition to the establishment of environmental guidelines, the act also created the Council on Environmental Quality, which made the President accountable to Congress on the welfare and health of the environment. (Dept. of Energy, 1969). Implementation: The law is administered by the Council on Environmental Quality, a federal agency that was established by the law itself (Council on Environmental Quality, n.d.). The Council administers the law through advising on the content of regulations, regulating the implementation of the laws procedures, as well as mediating between the different agencies and governmental bodies that work within the scope of the laws regulations (Council on Environmental Quality, n.d.).. The state government are involved through their branches of various federal agencies but they have no direct influence on the implementation of the law, their actions are subject to federal approval (Council on Environmental Quality, n.d.). The public has little chance to engage in the process beyond the presidential election process, as the Council is under presidential authority (Council on Environmental Quality, n.d.). The primary level of administration therefore is entirely federal, with little outside influence (Council on Environmental Quality, n.d.). The full text of the law can be found at:https://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/nepapub/nepa_documents/RedDont/Req-NEPA.pdf History of the Law This law was enacted in 1970, specifically on January 1, when President Richard Nixon signed it (Council on Environmental Quality, n.d.). Since it passed, the law has been amended several times. The first amendment was in 1975 through Public Law 94-83, which enabled states to write the environmental impact statements required for acquiring federal funding (Quartner, 273). The second amendment was passed later in 1975 as Public Law 94-52, and altered the allowed uses of funds by Council on Environmental Quality (Government Publishing Office, n.d.). Congress Demographics: The Democratic party controlled the chambers of Congress when the NEPA was enacted (US Senate, n.d). However, the Republican party controlled the Presidency (US Senate, n.d).The bill passed by a with a vote of 372 to 15 in the House of Representatives and was voted through the Senate by a unanimous vote (HistoryLink, n.d). Relevant Policy Principles: This law invokes the policy principle of common but differentiated responsibility, or command and control (Connelly, 189). Because it is a command and control based principle that makes it a rights based mechanism (Connelly, 188) This is due to the nature of this law which mandates that the federal government regulates the implementation of environmental policy, but there is a secondary level where the state level agencies also have a level of responsibility to uphold the standards set by the federal law (Connelly, 2012). This multiplicity of responsibility, where multiple parties are responsible, but no responsibility is designated as the superior one, fits in with the idea of this policy principle (Connelly, 2012). The primary strength of this kind of policy is that it prevents a race to the bottom type situation where companies move locations to find the most lenient restrictions (Connelly, 2012). However, in contrast, this policy is weak in that it takes away the opportunity for industries to be motivated towards innovation to avoid penalties (Connelly, 2012). Various Summaries: The National Preservation Institutes summary of the NEPA can be found at: https://www.npi.org/NEPA/what-is. The NPI is a nonprofit that aims to educate the public about cultural heritage (NPI, n.d.) as well as management (NPI, n.d.) and preservation, (NPI, n.d.) and offers seminars to instill this knowledge in its members through multi-day workshops (NPI, n.d.). This summary differs from the EPA summary of the NEPA in that it outlines the two main objectives of the act within federal agencies, whereas the EPA version is more generalized about what the act was intended to accomplish on a more societal level, mentioning industry and commercial operations (NPI, n.d.). The EPAs own summary can be found at https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-national-environmental-policy-act. Works cited: Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ). Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) | Department of Energy. Department of Energy, n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2017. https://energy.gov/nepa/council-environmental-quality-ceq. NEPA | National Environmental Policy Act. NEPA | National Environmental Policy Act. Council on Environmental Quality, n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2017. https://ceq.doe.gov/. Senate Historical Office. U.S. Senate: Majority and Minority Leaders and Party Whips. United States Senate, n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2017. https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Majority_Minority_Leaders.htm. Summary of the National Environmental Policy Act. EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, Feb. 2017. Web. 17 Feb. 2017. https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-national-environmental-policy-act. The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 as Amended. Environmental Impact Statements, Second Edition (1999): n. pag. The Department of Energy. Web. 2017. https://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/nepapub/nepa_documents/RedDont/Req-NEPA.pdf. United States Statutes at Large, Volume 89, 94th Congress, 1st Session. United States Statutes at Large, Volume 89, 94th Congress, 1st Session. Government Publishing Office, n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2017. https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-89. What Is NEPA? What Is NEPA? | National Preservation Institute. National Preservation Institute, 14 June 2011. Web. 17 Feb. 2017. https://www.npi.org/NEPA/what-is. Andrew Quartner, Amending NEPA: State Preparation of Impact Statements, 5 B.C. Envtl. Aff. L. Rev. 271 (1976), http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/ealr/vol5/iss2/5 Connelly, James, ed. Politics and the Environment: From Theory to Practice. 3rd ed. Abingdon, Oxonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯; New York: Routledge, 2012. Kershner, Jim. EPA, the National Environmental Policy Act. Free Encyclopedia of Washington State History, n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2017. http://www.historylink.org/File/9903.

Gcse Geography Paper

GCSE Geography Assessment: ————————————————- Investigate the extent to which Meadowhall could be described as â€Å"environmentally friendly†. By Emma Fitzpatrick 10R Introduction â€Å"Investigate the extent to which Meadowhall can be described as environmentally friendly† The centre was first opened on the 4th September 1990. The 80 acre site was and still is a Brownfield site which means you can build on this land. With a floor area of 1,500,000sq ft, it is the seventh largest shopping centre in the U. K. With over 280 stores, the centre attracted 19. million visitors in its first year of opening, and now attracts about 30 million visitors a year. It took two years to clear the land of waste, and there was 100,000 tonnes of waste from the toxic site by the River Don. The main reason the centre is so successful is because of its location. The centre id locat ed at junction 34 off the motorway-â€Å"The M1 is the lifeline to Meadowhall. † Meadowhall can be extremely busy in the run up to Christmas, and the January sales. There can be up to 140,000 visitors at Christmas just the day after Boxing Day. The reason I have chosen to investigate Meadowhall is because it is local.Analysis-positives Meadowhall is one of the largest out of town shopping centres in the U. K, and it could be described as â€Å"environmentally friendly† because it was the first U. K shopping centre to develop an on-site recycling facility. The recycling centre was opened in 2006 and has been ongoing for the past 6 years. The centre recycles 97% of waste from retailers and customers, with the remaining 3% going to incineration; no waste goes to landfill. The waste is sorted into paper, plastic, cardboard, cans etc. by a conveyor belt system to separate out the different types of waste.Also they have set up lots of initiatives and measures to give people other sustainable transport to get to and from Meadowhall, for example: * Cycling initiatives- including bike-safe training, biker user group for Meadowhall employees (BUG ME) and Dr. Bike; * Free fuel for electric cars; * Personalised travel information for busses, trams and trains; * Adult and family cycle training launched march 2008- offering free training for employees; * The Passenger Transport Interchange. Primary benefits for the staff: * Last year on average 5 employees per month switched to sustainable travel modes.In terms of staff only 20% use a car to drive to work; * 55% of employees use public transport, 16% car share, while 7% cycle, walk or use motorcycles; * In terms of visitors, public transport has increased by over one percentage point while the number of visitors driving indicates a significant level of car sharing at 16%; * 400 staff last year requested a personal travel plan. Secondary benefits: * Helps to aid the reduction of local traffic congestion; * Impr oves access for staff and visitors- more time working and shopping and less time queuing in traffic; * Reduces carbon footprint for staff and visitors.Also Meadowhall has its own public transport interchange, making it the only shopping centre in the U. K that combines a bus, rail and tram interchange as well as making it the centre easily accessible to both the local region and the rest if the country. The â€Å"catchment† area is a one hour drive which covers an area as far as north as Harrogate, south as Leicester, east as Hull and Grimsby and as far west as Manchester. There are approximately 25 million visitors each year. And since the PTI has been added to the centre, it has the best public transport services of any shopping centre in the U. K. lso because most people use the M1 to travel to Meadowhall, it actually saves fuel than going on the back roads through the country side, because if you travel at a constant speed on the M1, you won’t use as much petrol an d it won’t take as long, because on the country roads there usually is a lot of turns and corners which might take longer than just going on a straight road whit very little corners. Also it’s not good for small towns because of the congestion charge. Another positive is that they spent ? 50 million pounds on improvements, bins and air-con. However this is also a negative impact as well.One of the most recognisable positive impacts is the large windows which let’s in a lot of natural light in so in the summer they don’t have thousands of lights on but, they let in a lot of heat as well so they have to use air-con (which can be seen as a negative impact). And in the winter they are helpful because they let heat in so they don’t have to turn on the heaters. Although, when it’s dark/night they turn the lights on the outside of the building on even when Meadowhall isn’t open, so that can be seen as a negative impact too. Also there is a b ore-hole that they use to collect water from beneath the Earth.The water from the bore-hole is collected into a giant master tank. All the storage tanks are connected onto a â€Å"network† which ensures 90-95% of all water used by customers and retailers for flushing toilets is derived from rainwater harvesting or bore-hole water. Meadowhall began harvesting rainwater in 2006. Four giant water storage tanks collect rainwater and condensation from air conditioning. This is then used throughout the shopping centre for cleaning, flushing toilets and watering the external landscape areas. Also the cost of water to Meadowhall has decreased since this movement has been put in place.One of the other positives about the transportation is that they have a free electric car charging port so people can charge their cars. In addition to the cycling initiatives, Meadowhall is encouraging people from Winkobank and Tinsley to either walk or cycle to Meadowhall with the network of paths that have been placed. Also, they encourage more people to use public transport by having cheap deals sold exclusively within the centre for bus, tram and train. Plus only 20% of the staff at Meadowhall uses their car to travel to the centre, and the remaining 80% use other forms of public transport (refer to figure 5. ). Also, more than half of the bags I have collected for my survey about whether shops use bags that can be recycled or could not be recycled(refer to figure 4). Analysis-negatives Furthermore, there are some negative impacts to Meadowhall. For example: * 87% of shoppers travel by car and only 13% by public transport; * They don’t advertise how environmentally friendly Meadowhall is; * They have over 12,000 free car parking spaces which means more people will chose to travel by car; * Although they do have Electric car charging ports, there sn’t any sign posts to tell/show people where they are; * They turn the lights on at night even when it’s not op en,(however they do use low energy light bulbs). Transport Although Meadowhall has plenty of initiatives to try and persuade people to use public transport to go to Meadowhall, only 13% are using it to get to and from Meadowhall. And I think this is because of all the free car parking spaces, so if they charged people to use the car parking spaces, more people might use the bus, train, tram etc to travel to Meadowhall.Also if there were sign posts to show where the electric car charging ports it might encourage more people to use/have an electric car because if every shopping centre had a car charging port they might be able to make more money to make that centre more environmentally friendly. Also the M1 is a negative because most people are using their cars to travel to Meadowhall, than using public transport, which causes more pollution. Refer to figure 6. 3. Windows Even though the windows are very environmentally friendly they do let a lot of heat in which means they turn on th e air-con which uses a lot of energy.Environment Even though Meadowhall has put many initiatives together to make the centre more environmentally friendly they don’t advertise the environmentally friendly it is –internet, TV, and the website. I think that if they did decide to advertise the eco friendly side of Meadowhall, they might encourage other shopping centre’s to do the same thing. And compared to the Trafford centre, Meadowhall doesn’t seem very environmentally friendly. Refer to figure 6. 2. Water ButtAlthough they harvest a lot of rain water and water from the bore-hole, they only use 35% of it, so 65% is wasted. The Trafford Centre The Trafford centre is also environmentally friendly like Meadowhall because they also have many initiatives in place, and hoping to put in place. For example: * They want to divert 100% of the waste from the centre to not got to landfill sites; * To install sensor lights in the corridors, to cut down on wasted energ y; * Switching to LED lighting systems which use a fraction of the power to the older system; * Halving the length of time heir automatic taps run, from 10 seconds to 5 seconds, saving 350,000 litres per year; * Limiting the length of time their Christmas decorations are switched on; * Cutting the amount of time their escalators, plasma screens and lightings are switched on; * Following a greener office policy which encourages all staff to switch off lights and computers that are not needed. Also compared to Meadowhall, the Trafford centre is more environmentally friendly because they advertise how eco friendly they are, and they have put more initiatives in place than Meadowhall to cut down the amount of energy they are using.The Trafford Centre – Recycling Since 2009, the Trafford centre declared its ambition to be the greenest shopping centre in the UK. The environmental services department comprises more than 34% of the Trafford centre’s staff, and each processes m ore than 100 tonnes of waste each week – since October 2010 100% of the overall waste has been diverted from landfill. Currently they recycle a host of materials; these include: * Cardboard; * Scrap metal; * Glass; * Paper; * Magazines; * Food waste; * Plastic bottles; * Coat hangers;Since 2006 they have continuously improved the percentage of waste that has been diverted from landfill. For 2009 hey diverted 58%. For 2010 they diverted 70% and for 2011 they hope to have achieved 85%. The centre was awarded the environmental award at the Trafford Business awards, the centre achieved gold standard in the â€Å"Business Tidy Awards†, and the Sceptre award for Environmental Best Practise. Conclusion In conclusion I would say that Meadowhall can be described as â€Å"environmentally friendly† because since 2006, they have put 6 travel initiatives in place so visitors can use a more sustainable use of transport o get to and from Meadowhall they have their own recyclin g plant, bore-hole, four giant water storage tanks, and they have large bay windows that let in light instead of using thousand of lights. However, there are more things that can be done to make Meadowhall more environmentally friendly is by advertising hoe eco friendly they are, turning the outdoor lights off at night and encouraging more people to use public transport. My Consumer ChoicesUsually I would rather go to Meadowhall than go to my local area (i. e. Town) partly because Meadowhall has a more range of shops like H&M and River Island which my local area doesn’t. I typically buy clothes and bags from Meadowhall because there are more shops which are larger than the ones in my local area, where I typically get school things like school clothes and equipment because there are more school shops in my local area and more stationary shops as well.Normally I either get my parents to take me and bring me back home if I’m only going with one or two friends but if Iâ₠¬â„¢m meeting a group of friends I find it easier to get there by going on the train with them but I think I should try and use the train more because its less pollution than getting one of my parents to take me. I very rarely take my own carrier bags because I most of the time I don’t buy very much. I think by asking my parents to take me has a knock on affect because every time I ask them to take me to Meadowhall I’m increasing the amount of pollution in the air even though I’m not even driving.

Biography of John F. Kennedy Jr.

John F. Kennedy Jr. (November 25, 1960–July 16, 1999), the son of President John F. Kennedy, was considered the heir to one of Americas greatest political dynasties until his death in a plane crash at age 38. In one of the most iconic photographs in American history, the 3-year-old Kennedy is seen saluting his fathers casket three days after the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Fast Facts: John F. Kennedy, Jr. Known For: Attorney, journalist, and son of President John F. KennedyBorn: Nov. 25, 1960 in Washington, D.C.Died: July 16, 1999 off the coast of Marthas Vineyard, MassachusettsEducation: Brown University, B.A.; New York University, J.D.Spouse: Carolyn BessetteKey Accomplishments: Criminal prosecutor in New York City, founder and publisher of George magazine, and founder of non-profit Reaching UpFamous Quote: â€Å"People often tell me I could be a great man. Id rather be a good man.† Childhood John F. Kennedy Jr. was born on November 25, 1960—the same month his father, John F. Kennedy, was elected to his first term as president. He became an instant celebrity, despite his parents attempts to give him as normal an upbringing as possible. Despite spending his first few years of life in the White House, however, Kennedy later said that he had lived a pretty normal life. Kennedy was the second of three children born to the Kennedys. His older sister was Caroline Bouvier Kennedy; his younger brother, Patrick, died in 1963, two days after birth. On his third birthday, in 1963, JFK Jr. became the subject of one of the most iconic scenes in American history: standing on a Washington street, wearing a dress coat, saluting his fathers flag-draped coffin as it passed by on a horse-drawn carriage on the way to the Capitol. Kennedys father had been assassinated three days earlier in Dallas, Texas. Bettmann Archive / Getty Images The presidents widow moved the family to the Upper East Side of New York, where JFK Jr. attended a Catholic elementary school. He later attended Collegiate School for Boys in New York and Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts. Meanwhile, much of the American public waited for the young Kennedy to join the political world that had already been shaped by his family. Careers in Law and Journalism JFK Jr. graduated Brown University in 1983 with a degree in American history. He then attended law school at New York University, graduating in 1989. Many considered his law degree a precursor to a political career, but JFK Jr. instead went to work in the Manhattan district attorneys office for four years. In 1995, Kennedy launched a magazine, George, which blended celebrity and public affairs. The magazine was meant to be a mass-market political journal, or, as one of its editors explained, a political magazine for Americans turned off by political magazines. Kennedy wrote and served as editor-in-chief for George. Its publication ended in 2001, after Kennedys death. Marriage to Carolyn Bessette In 1996, JFK Jr. arranged a secretive wedding to Carolyn Bessette, a fashion publicist. The couple went to extraordinary lengths to conceal their nuptials from the public. The wedding was held on an island 20 miles off the coast of Georgia; they chose that particular island in part because it had no access by road or telephone, and almost no lodging. The public learned of their marriage a week after it happened. The couple had no children. Death On July 16, 1999, Kennedy was piloting a small single-engine airplane headed towards Marthas Vineyard, with his wife and her sister onboard. The plane crashed into the Atlantic Ocean. The bodies of the three crash victims were found off the coast of Marthas Vineyard five days later, on July 21. One year later, in 2000, the National Transportation Safety Board ruled the crash an accident caused by Kennedys failure to maintain control of the airplane during a descent over water at night, which was a result of spatial disorientation. The government agency said haze and darkness were factors in the crash. Legacy Kennedy was raised to abide by a scriptural passage found in Luke 12:48: Of those to whom much is given, much is required. It was in that spirit that, in 1989, he founded a nonprofit called Reaching Up, which helps low-wage health and human-services professionals attain higher education, training, and career advancement. Reaching Up continues to help students pay for tuition, books, transportation, child care, and other education costs. Sources Blow, Richard. American Son: A Portrait of John F. Kennedy, Jr. Henry Holt Co., 2002.Grunwald, Michael. â€Å"JFK Jr. Feared Dead in Plane Crash.†Ã‚  The Washington Post, WP Company, 18 July 1999, www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/jfkjr/stories/kennedy071899.htm.Seelye, Katharine Q. â€Å"John F. Kennedy Jr., Heir To a Formidable Dynasty.†Ã‚  The New York Times, The New York Times, 19 July 1999, www.nytimes.com/1999/07/19/us/john-f-kennedy-jr-heir-to-a-formidable-dynasty.html.

J. Robert Oppenheimer, Manhattan Project Director

J. Robert Oppenheimer (April 22, 1904–February 18, 1967) was a physicist and the director of the Manhattan Project, the United States effort during World War II to create an atomic bomb. Oppenheimers struggle after the war with the morality of building such a destructive weapon epitomized the moral dilemma that faced scientists who worked to create the atomic and hydrogen bombs. Fast Facts: Robert J. Oppenheimer Known For: Leader of the Manhattan Project, which developed the atomic bombAlso Known As: Father of the Atomic BombBorn: April 22, 1904 in New York City,  New YorkParents: Julius Oppenheimer, Ella FriedmanDied: February 18, 1967 in Princeton, New JerseyEducation: Harvard College, Christs College, Cambridge, University of Gà ¶ttingenPublished Works:  Science and the Common Understanding, The Open Mind, The Flying Trapeze: Three Crises for PhysicistsAwards and Honors:  Enrico Fermi Award  Spouse: Katherine Kitty PueningChildren: Peter, KatherineNotable Quote: If atomic bombs are to be added as new weapons to the arsenals of a warring world, or to the arsenals of the nations preparing for war, then the time will come when mankind will curse the names of Los Alamos and Hiroshima. The people of this world must unite or they will perish. Early Life Julius Robert Oppenheimer was born in New York City on April 22, 1904, to Ella Friedman, an artist, and Julius S. Oppenheimer, a textile merchant. The Oppenheimers were German-Jewish immigrants but did not keep religious traditions. Oppenheimer attended the Ethical Culture School in New York. Although J. Robert Oppenheimer easily grasped both the sciences and humanities (and was especially good at languages), he graduated from Harvard in 1925 with a degree in chemistry. Oppenheimer continued his studies and graduated from the University of Gottingen in Germany with a Ph.D. After earning his doctorate, Oppenheimer traveled back to the U.S. and taught physics at the University of California at Berkeley. He became well known for being both a well-regarded teacher and a research physicist—not a common combination. In 1940, Oppenheimer married Katherine Peuning Harrison and their eldest child was born. Harrison, a radical student at Berkeley, was one of many communists in Oppenheimers circle of friends. The Manhattan Project During the beginning of World War II, news arrived in the U.S. that the Nazis were progressing toward the creation of an atomic bomb. Though the Americans were already behind, they believed they could not allow the Nazis to build such a powerful weapon first. In June 1942, Oppenheimer was appointed the director of the Manhattan Project, Americas team of scientists that would work to create an atomic bomb. Oppenheimer threw himself into the project and proved himself not only a brilliant scientist but also an exceptional administrator. He brought the best scientists in the country together at the research facility at Los Alamos, New Mexico. After three years of research, problem-solving,  and original ideas, the first small atomic device was exploded on July 16, 1945, in the lab at Los Alamos. Having proved their concept worked, a larger scale bomb was built and exploded at the Trinity site. Less than a month later, atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. A Problem With His Conscience The massive destruction the bombs inflicted troubled Oppenheimer. He had been so caught up in the challenge of creating something new and the competition between the U.S. and Germany that he—and many of the other scientists working on the project—had not considered the human toll that would be caused by these bombs. After the end of World War II, Oppenheimer began to voice his opposition to creating more atomic bombs and specifically opposed developing a more powerful bomb using hydrogen, known as a hydrogen bomb. Unfortunately, his opposition to the development of these bombs caused the United States Atomic Energy Commission to examine his loyalty and questioned his ties to the Communist Party in the 1930s. The Commission decided to revoke Oppenheimers security clearance in 1954. Award From 1947 to 1966, Oppenheimer worked as the director of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. In 1963, the Atomic Energy Commission recognized Oppenheimers role in the development of atomic research and awarded him the prestigious Enrico Fermi Award. Death Oppenheimer spent his remaining years researching physics and examining the moral dilemmas related to scientists. Oppenheimer died in 1967 at age 62 from throat cancer. Legacy The invention of the atomic bomb had a profound impact on the outcome of World War II and on the ensuing Cold War and arms race. Oppenheimers personal ethical dilemma has become the focus of myriad books and several plays, including In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer. Sources â€Å"J. Robert Oppenheimer (1904 - 1967).†Ã‚  Atomic Archive.â€Å"J. Robert Oppenheimer.†Ã‚  Atomic Heritage Foundation, 22 Apr 1904.â€Å"J. Robert Oppenheimer.†Ã‚  United States History.